MacFormat 1994 October/macformat-005.iso/Shareware City/Developers/xlispmac/lisp/GLOS.TXT

Text File | 1994-05-28 | 122.6 KB | 2,725 lines | [TEXT/ALFA]

.t - boolean value "true" is constant with value t.

.self -  within a method  context, the  current object  (see page  19),
     otherwise initially unbound.

.object - constant, value is the class 'Object.'

.class - constant, value is the class 'Class'.

.internal-time-units-per-second  - integer constant  to divide returned
     times by to get time in seconds.

.pi - floating  point aproximation  of pi (constant  defined when  math
     extension is compiled).

.*obarray* - the  object hash table. Length  of array is  a compilation
     option. Objects are hashed using the hash function and are placed on a
     list in the appropriate array slot. This variable does note exist when
     the package feature is compiled in.

.*package*  - the current  package. Do not  alter. Part of  the package
     feature.

.*terminal-io* - stream bound to keyboard and display. Do not alter.

.*standard-input*  - the  standard  input stream,  initially stdin.  If
     stdin is not  redirected on  the command line,  then *terminal-io*  is
     used so that all interactive i/o uses the same stream.

.*standard-output* -  the standard output stream,  initially stdout. If
     stdout is not  redirected on  the command line  then *terminal-io*  is
     used so that all interactive i/o uses the same stream.

.*error-output* - the error output stream (used by all error messages),
     initially same as *terminal-io*.

.*trace-output* - the trace output stream (used by the trace function),
     initially same as *terminal-io*.

.*debug-io*   -  the  break   loop  i/o   stream,  initially   same  as
     *terminal-io*. System messages  (other than error messages) also print
     out on this stream.

.*breakenable* -  flag controlling entering  break loop on  errors (see
     page 4)

.*tracelist* -  list of names  of functions to  trace, as set  by trace
     function.

.*tracenable* - enable trace back printout on errors (see page 4).

.*tracelimit*  - number of levels  of trace back  information (see page
     4).

.*evalhook* - user substitute  for the evaluator function (see  page 8,
     and evalhook and applyhook functions).

.*applyhook* -  user substitute for  function application (see  page 8,
     and evalhook and applyhook functions).

.*readtable* - the current readtable (see page 12).

.*gc-flag*  - controls  the printing  of gc  messages. When  non-NIL, a
     message  is printed  after each  garbage collection  giving  the total
     number of nodes and the number of nodes free.

.*gc-hook* - function to call after garbage collection (see page 8).

.*integer-format* - format for  printing integers (when not bound  to a
     string, defaults to "%d" or "%ld" depending on implementation)

.*ratio-format*  -  format for  printing ratios  (when  not bound  to a
     string, defaults to "%d/%d" or "%ld/%ld" depending on implementation)

.*float-format*  -  format for  printing floats  (when  not bound  to a
     string, defaults to "%g")

.*readtable-case*  - symbol  read  and output  case.  See page  14  for
     details

.*print-case*  -  symbol output  case when  printing.  See page  14 for
     details

.*print-level* - When bound to a number, list levels  beyond this value
     are printed as '#'. Used by all printing functions. Good precaution to
     avoid getting caught in circular lists.

.*print-length* - When bound  to a number, lists longer than this value
     are  printed as '...'. Used by all printing functions. Good precaution
     to avoid getting caught in circular lists.

.*dos-input* - When not NIL, uses dos line input function for read (see
     page 3).

.*displace-macros*  -  When  not  NIL,  macros  are  replaced  by their
     expansions when exectuted (see page 7).

.*random-state* - the default random-state used by the random function.

.*features* - list of features, initially (:xlisp), used for  #+ and #-
     reader macros.

.*startup-functions*  - list of functions to be executed when workspace
     started

.*command-line* -  the xlisp  command line,  in the form  of a  list of
     strings, one string per argument.

.*load-file-arguments* - When  not NIL, file  arguements are loaded  at
     startup.

.*top-level-loop* - Top  level loop to utilize,  defaults to TOP-LEVEL-
     LOOP. Note that this function can  only be restarted by executing TOP-
     LEVEL, and it never exits.

.*read-suppress* - When not NIL, inhibits certain parts of reading. Used by
     the #+ and #- macros.


.+
.++
.+++
.*
.**
.***
There  are  several symbols  maintained  by the  read/eval/print  loop. The
symbols  '+', '++',  and '+++'  are bound  to the  most recent  three input
expressions. The symbols '*', '**'  and '***' are bound to the  most recent
three results.  The symbol '-' is  bound to the expression  currently being
evaluated. It becomes the value of '+' at the end of the evaluation.

(eval <expr>)                                  EVALUATE AN XLISP EXPRESSION
     <expr>    the expression to be evaluated
     returns   the result of evaluating the expression

(apply <fun> <arg>...<args>)        APPLY A FUNCTION TO A LIST OF ARGUMENTS
     <fun>     the function to apply (or function symbol). May not be macro
               or fsubr.
     <arg>     initial arguments, which are CONSed to...
     <args>    the argument list
     returns   the result of applying the function to the arguments

(funcall <fun> <arg>...)                     CALL A FUNCTION WITH ARGUMENTS
     <fun>     the  function to call (or function symbol). May not be macro
               or fsubr.
     <arg>     arguments to pass to the function
     returns   the result of calling the function with the arguments

(quote <expr>)                             RETURN AN EXPRESSION UNEVALUATED
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expression to be quoted (quoted)
     returns   <expr> unevaluated

(function <expr>)                         GET THE FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION
     fsubr
     <expr>    the symbol or lambda expression (quoted)
     returns   the functional interpretation

(complement <fun>)                            MAKE A COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION
     This  function is intended to eliminate the need for -IF-NOT functions
     and :TEST-NOT keys by providing a way to make complementary functions.
     <fun>     the function or closure (not macro or fsubr)
     returns   a new function closure that returns NOT of the result of the
               original function.

(identity <expr>)                                     RETURN THE EXPRESSION
     <expr>    the expression
     returns   the expression

(backquote <expr>)                                       FILL IN A TEMPLATE
     fsubr. Note: an improved backquote facility, which works properly when
     nested, is available by loading the file backquot.lsp.
     <expr>    the template (quoted)
     returns   a copy of  the template with comma  and comma-at expressions
               expanded.

(comma <expr>)                                             COMMA EXPRESSION
     (Never  executed)  As   the  object  of  a  backquote  expansion,  the
     expression is evaluated and becomes an object in the enclosing list.

(comma-at <expr>)                                       COMMA-AT EXPRESSION
     (Never  executed)   As  the  object  of  a  backquote  expansion,  the
     expression is  evaluated (and  must evaluate  to a  list) and  is then
     spliced into the enclosing list.

(lambda <args> <expr>...)                           MAKE A FUNCTION CLOSURE
     fsubr
     <args>    formal argument list (lambda list) (quoted)
     <expr>    expressions of the function body (quoted)
     returns   the function closure

(get-lambda-expression <closure>)                 GET THE LAMBDA EXPRESSION
     <closure> the closure
     returns   the original  lambda expression,  or NIL  if not  a closure.
               Second  return  value  is  T  if closure  has  a  non-global
               environment, and the third  return value is the name  of the
               closure.

(macroexpand <form>)                         RECURSIVELY EXPAND MACRO CALLS
     <form>    the form to expand
     returns   the macro expansion

(macroexpand-1 <form>)                                  EXPAND A MACRO CALL
     <form>    the macro call form
     returns   the macro expansion

(multiple-value-bind <varlist> <vform> [<form>...])
                                      BIND RETURN VALUES INTO LOCAL CONTEXT
     defined as macro in common.lsp
     <vform>   form to be evaluated
     <varlist> list of variables to bind to return values of vform
     <form>    forms  evaluated   sequentially,  as  in  LET,  using  local
               bindings
     returns   values of last form evaluated, or NIL if no forms

(multiple-value-call <fun> <form> ...)    COLLECT VALUES AND APPLY FUNCTION
     fsubr
     <fun>     function to apply
     <form>    forms, which are evaluated, with result values collected
     returns   result of applying fun to all of  the returned values of the
               forms

(multiple-value-list <form>)   COLLECT MULTIPLE RETURNED VALUES INTO A LIST
     defined as macro in common.lsp
     <form>    form to be evaluated
     returns   list of returned values

(multiple-value-prog1 <form> [<form> ...])      RETURN VALUES OF FIRST FORM
     fsubr
     <form>    one or more forms, which are evaluated sequentially
     returns   the result values of the first form

(multiple-value-setq <varlist> <form>)      BIND RETURN VALUES TO VARIABLES
     defined as macro in common.lsp
     <form>    form to be evaluated
     <varlist> list of variables to bind to return values of form
     returns   (undefined, implementation dependent)

(nth-value <index> <form>)                           EXTRACT A RETURN VALUE
     fsubr
     <index>   index into return values
     <form>    form which gets evaluated
     returns   the nth result value of exectuing the form

(values [<expr>])                                    RETURN MULTIPLE VALUES
     <expr>    expression(s) to be evaluated
     returns   each argument as a separate value

(values-list <list>)                       RETURN MULTIPLE VALUES FROM LIST
     defined in common.lsp
     <list>    a list
     returns   each list element as a separate value

(set <sym> <expr>)                         SET THE GLOBAL VALUE OF A SYMBOL
     <sym>     the symbol being set
     <expr>    the new value
     returns   the new value

(setq [<sym> <expr>]...)                          SET THE VALUE OF A SYMBOL
     fsubr
     <sym>     the symbol being set (quoted)
     <expr>    the new value
     returns   the last new value or NIL if no arguments

(psetq [<sym> <expr>]...)                          PARALLEL VERSION OF SETQ
     fsubr. All  expressions are evaluated before  any assignments are
     made.
     <sym>     the symbol being set (quoted)
     <expr>    the new value
     returns   NIL

(setf [<place> <expr>]...)                         SET THE VALUE OF A FIELD
     fsubr
     <place> the field specifier  (if a macro it is expanded, then the form
             arguments are evaluated):
             <sym>                 set value of a symbol
             (car <expr>)          set car of a cons node
             (cdr <expr>)          set cdr of a cons node
             (nth <n> <expr>)      set nth car of a list
             (aref <expr> <n>)     set nth element of an array or string
             (elt <expr> <n>)      set nth element of a sequence
             (get <sym> <prop> [<dflt>])     set   value   of  a   symbol's
                                             property
             (getf <pl> <prop> [<dflt>])     set value of a  property. <pl>
                                             must   be    a   valid   field
                                             specifier.
             (symbol-value <sym>)  set global value of a symbol
             (symbol-function <sym>)         set  functional   value  of  a
                                             symbol
             (symbol-plist <sym>)  set property list of a symbol
             (gethash <key> <tbl> <def>)     add  or   replace  hash  table
             entry. <def> is ignored
             (send <obj> :<ivar>)  (When  classes.lsp  used), set  instance
                                   variable of object.
             (<sym>-<element> <struct>)      set  the element  of structure
                                             struct, type sym.
             (<fieldsym> <args>)   the function stored  in property  *setf*
                                   in  symbol  <fieldsym>  is   applied  to
                                   (<args> <expr>). As an  alternative, the
                                   function     stored      in     property
                                   *setf-lambda*    is  applied,  then  the
                                   result is evaled in the current context.
     <expr>  the new value
     returns the last new value, or NIL if no arguments

(psetf [<place> <expr>]...)                        PARALLEL VERSION OF SETF
     fsubr. All  expressions are evaluated  and macro place  forms expanded
     before any assignments are made.
     <place>   the field specifier (see SETF, above)
     <expr>    the new value
     returns   NIL

(defsetf <sym> <fcn>)                         DEFINE A SETF FIELD SPECIFIER
(defsetf <sym> <fargs> (<value>) <expr>...)
     Defined  as macro  in common.lsp.  Convenient, Common  Lisp compatible
     alternative to setting *setf* or *setf-lambda* property directly.
     <sym>     field specifier symbol (quoted)
     <fcn>     function  to  use  (quoted  symbol)  which  takes  the  same
               arguments as the field specifier plus an additional argument
               for the value. The value must be returned.
     <fargs>   formal argument list of unevaluated arguments (lambda  list)
               (quoted)
     <value>   symbol bound to value to store (quoted).
     <expr>    The last expression  must an expression  to evaluate in  the
               setf  context.In this  respect, defsetf  works like  a macro
               definition.
     returns   the field specifier symbol

(push  <expr> <place>)                                      CONS TO A FIELD
     Defined as macro  in common.lsp. Only  evaluates place form  arguments
     one time. It is recommended that *displace-macros* be non-NIL for best
     performance.
     <place>   field specifier being modified (see setf)
     <expr>    value to cons to field
     returns   the new value which is (CONS <expr> <place>)

(pushnew <expr> <place> &key :test :test-not :key)      CONS NEW TO A FIELD
     Defined  as macro in  common.lsp. Only evaluates  place form arguments
     one time. It is recommended that *displace-macros* be non-NIL for best
     performance.
     <place>   field specifier being modified (see setf)
     <expr>    value to cons to field, if not already MEMBER of field
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to test function  list argument (defaults
               to identity)
     returns   the new value which is (CONS <expr> <place>) or <place>

(pop <place>)                               REMOVE FIRST ELEMENT OF A FIELD
     Defined  as macro in  common.lsp. Only evaluates  place form arguments
     one time. It is recommended that *displace-macros* be non-NIL for best
     performance.
     <place>   the field being modified (see setf)
     returns   (CAR <place>), field changed to (CDR <place>)

(incf <place> [<value>])                                  INCREMENT A FIELD
(decf <place> [<value>])                                  DECREMENT A FIELD
     Defined as  macro in common.lsp.  Only evaluates place  form arguments
     one time. It is recommended that *displace-macros* be non-NIL for best
     performance.
     <place>   field specifier being modified (see setf)
     <value>   Numeric value (default 1)
     returns   the new value  which is  (+ <place> <value>)  or (-  <place>
               <value>)

(defun <sym> <fargs> <expr>...)                           DEFINE A FUNCTION
(defmacro <sym> <fargs> <expr>...)                           DEFINE A MACRO
     fsubr
     <sym>     symbol being defined (quoted)
     <fargs>   formal argument list (lambda list) (quoted)
     <expr>    expressions constituting the body of the function (quoted)
     returns   the function symbol

(gensym [<tag>])                                          GENERATE A SYMBOL
     <tag>     string or number
     returns   the new symbol, uninterned

(intern <pname> [<package>])                        MAKE AN INTERNED SYMBOL
     <pname>   the symbol's print name string
     <package> the package (defaults to current package)
     returns   the new symbol.  A second value is returned which  is NIL if
               the symbol did not pre-exist, :internal if it is an internal
               symbol, :external if it is an external symbol, or :inherited
               if it inherited via USE-PACKAGE.

(make-symbol <pname>)                             MAKE AN UNINTERNED SYMBOL
     <pname>   the symbol's print name string
     returns   the new symbol

(symbol-name <sym>)                          GET THE PRINT NAME OF A SYMBOL
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol's print name

(symbol-value <sym>)                              GET THE VALUE OF A SYMBOL
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol's value

(symbol-function <sym>)                GET THE FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF A SYMBOL
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol's functional value

(symbol-plist <sym>)                      GET THE PROPERTY LIST OF A SYMBOL
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol's property list

(hash <expr> <n>)                                    COMPUTE THE HASH INDEX
     <expr>    the object to hash
     <n>       the table size (positive integer)
     returns   the hash index (integer 0 to n-1)

(makunbound <sym>)                           MAKE A SYMBOL VALUE BE UNBOUND
     You cannot unbind constants.
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol

(fmakunbound <sym>)                       MAKE A SYMBOL FUNCTION BE UNBOUND
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   the symbol

(unintern <sym> [<package>])                              UNINTERN A SYMBOL
     Defined in common.lsp if package feature not compiled.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <package> the package to look in for the symbol
     returns   t if successful, NIL if symbol not interned

(defconstant <sym> <val> [<comment>])                     DEFINE A CONSTANT
     fsubr.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <val>     the value
     <comment> optional comment string (ignored)
     returns   the value

(defparameter <sym> <val> [<comment>])                   DEFINE A PARAMETER
     fsubr.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <val>     the value
     <comment> optional comment string (ignored)
     returns   the value

(defvar <sym> [<val> [<comment>]])                        DEFINE A VARIABLE
     fsubr. Variable only initialized if not previously defined.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <val>     the initial value, or NIL if absent.
     <comment> optional comment string (ignored)
     returns   the current value

(mark-as-special <sym> [<flag>])                      SET SPECIAL ATTRIBUTE
     Also see definition of PROCLAIM and DECLARE.
     <sym>     symbol to mark
     <flag>    non-nil to make into a constant
     returns   nil,  with  symbol  marked  as  special  and  possibly as  a
               constant.

(declare [<declaration> ...])                   DECLARE ARGUMENT ATTRIBUTES
     Macro  in  common.lsp  provided  to  assist  in  porting  Common  Lisp
     applications to XLISP-PLUS.
     <declaration>       list of local variable and attributes
     returns   nil, produces an error message if attribute SPECIAL is used.

(proclaim <proc>)                         PROCLAIM GLOBAL SYMBOL ATTRIBUTES
     Function in  common.lsp  provided to  assist  in porting  Common  Lisp
     applications to XLISP-PLUS.
     <proc>    a list of  symbols. If the CAR of the  list is SPECIAL, then
               the remaining symbols are marked as special variables.

(apropos <string> [<package>])                SEARCH SYMBOLS FOR NAME MATCH
(apropos-list <string> [<package>])
     Functions in common.lsp.
     <string>  find symbols which contain this string as substring of print
               name
     <package> package to search, if absent, or NIL, search all packages
     returns   apropos-list returns  list of symbols, apropos  prints them,
               along with some information, and returns nothing.

(defpackage <package> [<option>...])                   (RE)DEFINE A PACKAGE
     Macro in common.lsp. Use to define a package, or redefine a package.
     <package> the name of the package to (re)define
     <option>  any one or more of the following, none evaluated, applied in
               this order:
     (:shadow <symbol>...)
               one or more symbols to shadow, as in function SHADOW
     (:shadowing-import-from <symbol>...)
               one   or   more   symbols   to  shadow,   as   in   function
               SHADOWING-IMPORT
     (:use <package>...)
               one or more packages to "use", as in function USE-PACKAGE
     (:import-from <package> <symbol>...)
               one  or more  symbols  to import  from  the package,  as  in
               function IMPORT
     (:intern <symbol>...)
               one  or  more  symbols to  be  located  or  created in  this
               package, as in function INTERN
     (:export <symbol>...)
               one or more symbols to be exported from this package,  as in
               function EXPORT
     returns   the new or redefined package

(delete-package <package>)                                 DELETE A PACKAGE
     Deletes  a package  by uninterning  all its  symbols and  removing the
     package.
     <package> package to delete
     returns   T if successful

(do-symbols (<var> [<package> [<result>]]) <expr>...)) ITERATE OVER SYMBOLS
(do-external-symbols (<var> [<package> [<result>]]) <expr>...)
(do-all-symbols (<var> [<result>]) <expr>...)
     Implemented  as macros  in  common.lsp. DO-SYMBOLS  iterates over  all
     symbols in  a single  package, DO-EXTERNAL-SYMBOLS iterates  only over
     the  external symbols, and DO-ALL-SYMBOLS iterates over all symbols in
     all packages.
     <var>     variable to bind to symbol
     <package> the package to search
     <result>  a single result form
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate (implicit tag-body)
     returns   result of result form, or NIL if not specified

(export <symbols> [<package>])                     DECLARE EXTERNAL SYMBOLS
     <symbols> symbols to declare as external
     <package> package symbol is in
     returns   T

(find-all-symbols <string>)                FIND SYMBOLS WITH SPECIFIED NAME
     <string>  string or symbol (if latter, print name string is used)
     returns   list of all symbols having that print-name

(find-package <package>)                   FIND PACKAGE WITH SPECIFIED NAME
     <package> package to find
     returns   package with name or nickname <package>, or NIL if not found

(find-symbol <string> [<package>])                         LOOK UP A SYMBOL
     <string>  print name to search for
     <package> package to search in
     returns   two values, the first being the symbol, and the second being
               :internal  if  the  symbol   is  internal  in  the  package,
               :external  if  it  is  external,  or  :inherited  if  it  is
               inherited via USE-PACKAGE. If the symbol was not found, then
               both return values are NIL.

(import <symbols> [<package>])                IMPORT SYMBOLS INTO A PACKAGE
     <symbols> symbols to import (fully qualified names)
     <package> package to import symbols into
     returns   T

(in-package <package>)                                  SET CURRENT PACKAGE
     FSUBR which sets the current package until next call or end of current
     LOAD.
     <package> the package to enter
     returns   the package

(list-all-packages)                                   GET ALL PACKAGE NAMES
     returns   list of all currently existing packages

(make-package <package> &key :nicknames :use)            MAKE A NEW PACKAGE
     <package> name of new package to create
     :nicknames          list of package nicknames
     :use      list of packages to use (as in USE-PACKAGE)
     returns   the new package

(package-name <package>)                            GET PACKAGE NAME STRING
     <package> package name
     returns   package name string

(package-nicknames <package>)                  GET PACKAGE NICKNAME STRINGS
     <package> package name
     returns   list of package nickname strings

(package-obarray <package> [<external>])                     GET AN OBARRAY
     <package> package to use
     <external>          non-nil  for  external   obarray,  else   internal
                         obarray (default)
     returns   the obarray (array of lists of symbols in package)

(package-shadowing-symbols <package>)         GET LIST OF SHADOWING SYMBOLS
     <package> the package
     returns   list of shadowing symbols in package

(package-use-list <package>)                 GET PACKAGES USED BY A PACKAGE
     <package> the package
     returns   list of packages used by this package (as in USE-PACKAGE)

(package-used-by-list <package>)         GET PACKAGES THAT USE THIS PACKAGE
     <package> the package
     returns   list of packages that use this package (as in USE-PACKAGE)

(package-valid-p <package>)                         IS THIS A GOOD PACKAGE?
     <package> object to check
     returns   T if a valid package, else NIL

(rename-package <package> <new> [<nick>])                  RENAME A PACKAGE
     <package> original package
     <new>     new package name (may be same as original name)
     <nick>    list of new package nicknames
     returns   the new package

(shadow <symbols> [<package>])                       MAKE SHADOWING SYMBOLS
     If a symbol is not already in  the package, it is interned. The symbol
     is placed in the shadowing symbols list for the package.
     <symbols> the symbol or symbols to shadow
     <package> package to put symbols in
     returns   T

(shadowing-import <symbols> [<package>])          IMPORT SYMBOLS AND SHADOW
     If a  symbol exists in the package, it is first uninterned. The symbol
     is imported, and then made shadowing.
     <symbols> the symbol or symbols to import and shadow
     <package> package to put symbols in
     returns   T

(symbol-package <symbol>)                      FIND THE PACKAGE OF A SYMBOL
     <symbol>  the symbol
     returns   the home package of the symbol, or NIL if none

(unexport <symbols> [<package>])           MAKE SYMBOLS INTERNAL TO PACKAGE
     <symbols> symbol or symbols to make internal
     <package> package for symbols
     returns   T

(unuse-package <pkgs> [<package>])            REMOVE PACKAGES FROM USE LIST
     <pkgs>    A single package or list of packages
     <package> Package  in which  to  un-use packages  (default is  current
               package)
     returns   T

(use-package <pkgs> [<package>])                   ADD PACKAGES TO USE LIST
     <pkgs>    A single package or list of packages
     <package> Package  in which  to  use packages  in (default  is current
               package)
     returns   T

(get <sym> <prop> [<dflt>])            GET THE VALUE OF A SYMBOL'S PROPERTY
     Use SETF with GET to add or change properties.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <prop>    the property name
     <dflt>    value to return if property not found, default is NIL
     returns   the property value or <dflt> if property doesn't exist.

(getf <place> <prop> [<dflt>])                  GET THE VALUE OF A PROPERTY
     Use SETF with GETF to add or change  properties. (NOTE--when used with
     SETF,  <place> must  be a valid  place form.  It gets  executed twice,
     contrary to Common Lisp standard.)
     <place>   where the property list is stored
     <prop>    the property name
     <dflt>    value to return if property not found, default is NIL
     returns   the property value or <dflt> if property doesn't exist.

(putprop <sym> <val> <prop>)            PUT A PROPERTY ONTO A PROPERTY LIST
     Modern practice is to use (SETF (GET...)...) rather than PUTPROP.
     <sym>     the symbol
     <val>     the property value
     <prop>    the property name
     returns   the property value

(remf <place> <prop>)                                     DELETE A PROPERTY
     Defined as a macro in COMMON.LSP
     <place>   where the property list is stored
     <prop>    the property name
     returns   T if property existed, else NIL

(remprop <sym> <prop>)                           DELETE A SYMBOL'S PROPERTY
     <sym>     the symbol
     <prop>    the property name
     returns   NIL

(make-hash-table &key :size :test)                        MAKE A HASH TABLE
     :size     size  of hash table -- should  be a prime number. Default is
               31.
     :test     comparison function. Defaults to eql.
     returns   the hash table

(gethash <key> <table> [<def>])                     EXTRACT FROM HASH TABLE
     See also gethash in SETF.
     <key>     hash key
     <table>   hash table
     <def>     value to return on no match (default is NIL)
     returns   associated data, if found, or <def> if not found.

(remhash <key> <table>)                              DELETE FROM HASH TABLE
     <key>     hash key
     <table>   hash table
     returns   T if deleted, NIL if not in table

(clrhash <table>)                                      CLEAR THE HASH TABLE
     <table>   hash table
     returns   NIL, all entries cleared from table

(hash-table-count <table>)                  NUMBER OF ENTRIES IN HASH TABLE
     <table>   hash table
     returns   integer number of entries in table

(maphash <fcn> <table>)                     MAP FUNCTION OVER TABLE ENTRIES
     <fcn>     the function or function name, a function of two  arguments,
               the first is  bound to the key, and the  second the value of
               each table entry in turn.
     <table>   hash table
     returns   NIL

(aref <array> <n>)                          GET THE NTH ELEMENT OF AN ARRAY
     See setf for setting elements of arrays
     <array>   the array (or string)
     <n>       the array index (integer, zero based)
     returns   the value of the array element

(make-array <size> &key :initial-element :initial-contents)  MAKE A NEW ARRAY
     <size>    the size of the new array (integer)
     :initial-element
               value to initialize all array elements, default NIL
     :initial-contents
               sequence used to initialize  all array elements, consecutive
               sequence  elements  are used  for  each  array element.  The
               length  of the sequence must be the  same as the size of the
               array
     returns   the new array

(vector <expr>...)                               MAKE AN INITIALIZED VECTOR
     <expr>    the vector elements
     returns   the new vector

(concatenate <type> <expr> ...)                       CONCATENATE SEQUENCES
     If result type is string, sequences must contain only characters.
     <type>    result type, one of CONS, LIST, ARRAY, or STRING
     <expr>    zero or more sequences to concatenate
     returns   a  sequence  which is  the  concatenation  of the  arguement
               sequences

(elt <expr> <n>)                          GET THE NTH ELEMENT OF A SEQUENCE
     <expr>    the sequence
     <n>       the index of element to return
     returns   the element if the index is in bounds, otherwise error

(map <type> <fcn> <expr> ...)         APPLY FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE ELEMENTS
(map-into <target> <fcn> [<expr> ...])
     <type>    result type, one of CONS, LIST, ARRAY, STRING, or NIL
     <target>  destination sequence to modify
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <expr>    a sequence for each argument of the function
     returns   a  new sequence  of type  <type> for  MAP, and  <target> for
               MAP-INTO.

(every <fcn> <expr> ...)             APPLY FUNCTION TO ELEMENTS UNTIL FALSE
(notevery <fcn> <expr> ...)
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <expr>    a sequence for each argument of the function
     returns   every returns last evaluated function result
               notevery returns T if  there is a NIL function  result, else
               NIL

(some <fcn> <expr> ...)               APPLY FUNCTION TO ELEMENTS UNTIL TRUE
(notany <fcn> <expr> ...)
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <expr>    a sequence for each argument of the function
     returns   some returns first non-NIL function result, or NIL
               notany returns NIL  if there is  a non-NIL function  result,
               else T

(length <expr>)                               FIND THE LENGTH OF A SEQUENCE
     Note that a circular list causes  an error. To detect a circular list,
     use LIST-LENGTH.
     <expr>    the list, vector or string
     returns   the length of the list, vector or string

(reverse <expr>)                                         REVERSE A SEQUENCE
(nreverse <expr>)                          DESTRUCTIVELY REVERSE A SEQUENCE
     <expr>    the sequence to reverse
     returns   a new sequence in the reverse order

(subseq <seq> <start> [<end>])                        EXTRACT A SUBSEQUENCE
     <seq>     the sequence
     <start>   the starting position (zero origin)
     <end>     the ending position + 1 (defaults to end) or NIL  for end of
               sequence
     returns   the sequence between <start> and <end>

(search  <seq1> <seq2>  &key  :test :test-not  :key  :start1 :end1  :start2
:end2)
                                                        SEARCH FOR SEQUENCE
     <seq1>    the sequence to search for
     <seq2>    the sequence to search in
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to  test function arguments  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start1   starting index in <seq1>
     :end1     index of end+1 in <seq1> or NIL for end of sequence
     :start2   starting index in <seq2>
     :end2     index of end+1 in <seq2> or NIL for end of sequence
     returns   position of first match

(remove <expr> <seq> &key :test :test-not :key :start :end)
                                            REMOVE ELEMENTS FROM A SEQUENCE
     <expr>    the element to remove
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to   test  function  sequence  argument
               (defaults to identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   copy of sequence with matching expressions removed

(remove-if <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                             REMOVE ELEMENTS THAT PASS TEST
(remove-if-not <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                             REMOVE ELEMENTS THAT FAIL TEST
     <test>    the test predicate
     <seq>     the sequence
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   copy  of sequence  with  matching  or non-matching  elements
               removed

(count <expr> <seq> &key :test :test-not :key :start :end)
                                      COUNT MATCHING ELEMENTS IN A SEQUENCE
     <expr>    element to count
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to  each <seq>  argument  (defaults  to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   count of matching elements

(count-if <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                              COUNT ELEMENTS THAT PASS TEST
(count-if-not <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                              COUNT ELEMENTS THAT FAIL TEST
     <test>    the test predicate
     <seq>     the sequence
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   count of matching/non-matching elements

(find <expr> <seq> &key :test :test-not :key :start :end)
                                    FIND FIRST MATCHING ELEMENT IN SEQUENCE
     <expr>    element to search for
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to  each <seq>  argument  (defaults  to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   first matching element of sequence, or NIL

(find-if <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                        FIND FIRST ELEMENT THAT PASSES TEST
(find-if-not <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                         FIND FIRST ELEMENT THAT FAILS TEST
     <test>    the test predicate
     <seq>     the sequence
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   first element of sequence that passes/fails test, or NIL

(position <expr> <seq> &key :test :test-not :key :start :end)
                        FIND POSITION OF FIRST MATCHING ELEMENT IN SEQUENCE
     <expr>    element to search for
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to  each <seq>  argument  (defaults  to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   position of first matching element of sequence, or NIL

(position-if <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                            FIND POSITION OF FIRST ELEMENT THAT PASSES TEST
(position-if-not <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                         FIND POSITION OF FIRST ELEMENT THAT FAILS TEST
     <test>    the test predicate
     <seq>     the sequence
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   position  of first  element  of sequence  that  passes/fails
               test, or NIL.

(delete <expr> <seq> &key :key :test :test-not :start :end)
                                            DELETE ELEMENTS FROM A SEQUENCE
     <expr>    the element to delete
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function   to  apply  to  test  function  sequence  argument
               (defaults to identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   the sequence with the matching expressions deleted

(delete-if <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                             DELETE ELEMENTS THAT PASS TEST
(delete-if-not <test> <seq> &key :key :start :end)
                                             DELETE ELEMENTS THAT FAIL TEST
     <test>    the test predicate
     <seq>     the sequence
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   the sequence with matching or non-matching elements deleted

(reduce <fcn> <seq> &key :initial-value :start :end)
                                            REDUCE SEQUENCE TO SINGLE VALUE
     <fcn>     function (of two  arguments) to apply to  result of previous
               function application  (or first element) and  each member of
               sequence.
     <seq>     the sequence
     :initial-value      value to  use as first argument  in first function
                         application rather than using the first element of
                         the sequence.
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   if  sequence is empty and there is no initial value, returns
               result of applying function to zero  arguements. If there is
               a single element, returns the element. Otherwise returns the
               result of the last function application.

(remove-duplicates <seq> &key :test :test-not :key :start :end)
                                            REMOVE DUPLICATES FROM SEQUENCE
     <seq>     the sequence
     :test     comparison function (default eql)
     :test-not comparison function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to  test function arguments  (defaults to
               identity)
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   copy of sequence with duplicates removed.

(fill <seq> <expr> &key :start :end)              REPLACE ITEMS IN SEQUENCE
     Defined in common.lsp
     <seq>     the sequence
     <expr>    new value to place in sequence
     :start    starting index
     :end      index of end+1, or NIL for (length <seq>)
     returns   sequence with items replaced with new item

(replace <seq1> <seq2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
                                    REPLACE ITEMS IN SEQUENCE FROM SEQUENCE
     Defined in common.lsp
     <seq1>    the sequence to modify
     <seq2>    sequence with new items
     :start1   starting index in <seq1>
     :end1     index of end+1 in <seq1> or NIL for end of sequence
     :start2   starting index in <seq2>
     :end2     index of end+1 in <seq2> or NIL for end of sequence
     returns   first sequence with items replaced

(car <expr>)                                  RETURN THE CAR OF A LIST NODE
(first <expr>)                                            A SYNONYM FOR CAR
     <expr>    the list node
     returns   the car of the list node

(cdr <expr>)                                  RETURN THE CDR OF A LIST NODE
(rest <expr>)                                             A SYNONYM FOR CDR
     <expr>    the list node
     returns   the cdr of the list node

(caar <expr>)                      NESTED CAR/CDR EXPRESSIONS
(cadr <expr>)
(cdar <expr>)
(cddr <expr>)
(caaar <expr>)
(caadr <expr>)
(cadar <expr>)
(caddr <expr>)
(cdaar <expr>)
(cdadr <expr>)
(cddar <expr>)
(cdddr <expr>)
(caaaar <expr>)
(caaadr <expr>)
(caadar <expr>)
(caaddr <expr>)
(cadaar <expr>)
(cadadr <expr>)
(caddar <expr>)
(cadddr <expr>)
(cdaaar <expr>)
(cdaadr <expr>)
(cdadar <expr>)
(cdaddr <expr>)
(cddaar <expr>)
(cddadr <expr>)
(cdddar <expr>)
(cddddr <expr>)
(second <expr>)                                          A SYNONYM FOR CADR
(third <expr>)                                          A SYNONYM FOR CADDR
(fourth <expr>)                                        A SYNONYM FOR CADDDR
    Applied from right to left: cadr means take the cdr then take the car.

(cons <expr1> <expr2>)                            CONSTRUCT A NEW LIST NODE
     <expr1>   the car of the new list node
     <expr2>   the cdr of the new list node
     returns   the new list node

(acons <expr1> <expr2> <alist>)                  ADD TO FRONT OF ASSOC LIST
     defined in common.lsp
     <expr1>   key of new association
     <expr2>   value of new association
     <alist>   association list
     returns   new association list, which  is (cons (cons <expr1> <expr2>)
               <expr3>))

(list <expr>...)                                    CREATE A LIST OF VALUES
(list* <expr> ... <list>)
     <expr>    expressions to be combined into a list
     returns   the new list

(append <expr>...)                                             APPEND LISTS
     <expr>    lists whose elements are to be appended
     returns   the new list

(list-length <list>)                              FIND THE LENGTH OF A LIST
     <list>    the list
     returns   the length of the list or NIL if the list is circular

(last <list>)                           RETURN THE LAST LIST NODE OF A LIST
     <list>    the list
     returns   the last list node in the list

(butlast <list> [<n>])                  RETURN COPY OF ALL BUT LAST OF LIST
     <list>    the list
     <n>       count of elements to omit (default 1)
     returns   copy of list with last element(s) absent.

(nth <n> <list>)                           RETURN THE NTH ELEMENT OF A LIST
     <n>       the number of the element to return (zero origin)
     <list>    the list
     returns   the nth element or NIL if the list isn't that long

(nthcdr <n> <list>)                            RETURN THE NTH CDR OF A LIST
     <n>       the number of the element to return (zero origin)
     <list>    the list
     returns   the nth cdr or NIL if the list isn't that long

(member <expr> <list> &key :test :test-not :key)
                                               FIND AN EXPRESSION IN A LIST
     <expr>    the expression to find
     <list>    the list to search
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to test function  list argument (defaults
               to identity)
     returns   the remainder of the list starting with the expression

(assoc <expr> <alist> &key :test :test-not :key)
                                            FIND AN EXPRESSION IN AN A-LIST
     <expr>    the expression to find
     <alist>   the association list
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to test function  list argument (defaults
               to identity)
     returns   the alist entry or NIL

(mapc <fcn> <list1> <list>...)            APPLY FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CARS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   the first list of arguments

(mapcar <fcn> <list1> <list>...)          APPLY FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CARS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   a list of the values returned

(mapl <fcn> <list1> <list>...)            APPLY FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CDRS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   the first list of arguments

(maplist <fcn> <list1> <list>...)         APPLY FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CDRS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   a list of the values returned

(mapcan <fcn> <list1> <list>...)           APPL FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CARS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   list of return values nconc'd together

(mapcon <fcn> <list1> <list>...)           APPL FUNCTION TO SUCCESSIVE CDRS
     <fcn>     the function or function name
     <listn>   a list for each argument of the function
     returns   list of return values nconc'd together

(subst <to> <from> <expr> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nsubst <to> <from> <expr> &key :test :test-not :key)
                                                     SUBSTITUTE EXPRESSIONS
     SUBST does minimum  copying as required by Common Lisp.  NSUBST is the
     destructive version.
     <to>      the new expression
     <from>    the old expression
     <expr>    the expression in which to do the substitutions
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to  subtree  test  function  expression
               argument (defaults to identity)
     returns   the expression with substitutions

(sublis <alist> <expr> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nsublis <alist> <expr> &key :test :test-not :key)
                                                  SUBSTITUTE WITH AN A-LIST
     SUBLIS does minimum copying as required by Common Lisp. NSUBLIS is the
     destructive version.
     <alist>   the association list
     <expr>    the expression in which to do the substitutions
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function  to  apply  to  subtree  test  function  expression
               argument (defaults to identity)
     returns   the expression with substitutions

(pairlis <keys> <values> [<alist>])          BUILD AN A-LIST FROM TWO LISTS
     In file common.lsp
     <keys>    list of association keys
     <values>  list of association values, same length as keys
     <alist>   existing association list, default NIL
     returns   new association list

(copy-list <list>)                             COPY THE TOP LEVEL OF A LIST
     In file common.lsp
     <list>    the list
     returns   a copy of the list (new cons cells in top level)

(copy-alist <alist>)                               COPY AN ASSOCIATION LIST
     In file common.lsp
     <alist>   the association list
     returns   a copy of the association list (keys and values not copies)

(copy-tree <tree>)                                              COPY A TREE
     In file common.lsp
     <tree>    a tree structure of cons cells
     returns   a copy of the tree structure

(intersection <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)      SET FUNCTIONS
(union <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(set-difference <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(set-exclusive-or <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nintersection <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nunion <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nset-difference <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
(nset-exclusive-or <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)
     set-exclusive-or and nset-exclusive-or defined in  common.lsp. nunion,
     nintersection,    and   nset-difference    are   aliased    to   their
     non-destructive counterparts in common.lsp.
     <list1>   first list
     <list2>   second list
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to  test function arguments  (defaults to
               identity)
     returns   intersection: list of all elements in both lists
               union: list of all elements in either list
               set-diference: list of all elements in first list but not in
               second list
               set-exclusive-or: list of all elements in only one list
               "n" versions are potentially destructive.

(adjoin <expr> <list> :test :test-not :key)              ADD UNIQUE TO LIST
     <expr>    new element to add
     <list>    the list
     :test     the test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not the test function <sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to  test function arguments  (defaults to
               identity)
     returns   if  element not  in  list then  (cons  <expr> <list>),  else
               <list>.

(rplaca <list> <expr>)                       REPLACE THE CAR OF A LIST NODE
     <list>    the list node
     <expr>    the new value for the car of the list node
     returns   the list node after updating the car

(rplacd <list> <expr>)                       REPLACE THE CDR OF A LIST NODE
     <list>    the list node
     <expr>    the new value for the cdr of the list node
     returns   the list node after updating the cdr

(nconc <list>...)                           DESTRUCTIVELY CONCATENATE LISTS
     <list>    lists to concatenate
     returns   the result of concatenating the lists

(sort <seq> <test> &key :key)                 DESTRUCTIVELY SORT A SEQUENCE
     <seq>     the sequence to sort
     <test>    the comparison function
     :key      function to apply to comparison function arguments (defaults
               to identity)
     returns   the sorted sequence

(nsubst-if <to> <test> <expr> &key :key)
(nsubst-if-not <to> <test> <expr> &key :key)
                                                     SUBSTITUTE EXPRESSIONS
     <to>      the new expression
     <test>    function of one argument to test each subtree
     <expr>    the expression in which to do the substitutions
     :key      function  to apply  to test  function argument  (defaults to
               identity)
     returns   the expression with substitutions

(truncate <expr> <denom>)                             TRUNCATES TOWARD ZERO
(round <expr> <denom>)                   ROUNDS TOWARD NEAREST EVEN INTEGER
(floor <expr> <denom>)                   TRUNCATES TOWARD NEGATIVE INFINITY
(ceiling <expr> <denom>)                          TRUNCATES TOWARD INFINITY
     Round,  floor, and ceiling, and  the second argument  of truncate, are
     part  of the  math extension.  Results too  big to  be represented  as
     integers are returned  as floating point numbers  as part of the  math
     extension. Integers are returned as is.
     <expr>    the real number
     <denom>   real number to divide <expr> by before converting
     returns   the integer  result  of converting  the  number, and,  as  a
               second return value, the remainder of the operation, defined
               as expr - result*denom. the type is float if either argument
               is float, otherwise it is rational.

(float <expr>)               CONVERTS AN INTEGER TO A FLOATING POINT NUMBER
     <expr>    the real number
     returns   the number as a floating point number

(rational <expr>)                      CONVERTS A REAL NUMBER TO A RATIONAL
     Floating  point numbers too large to express return the floating point
     number,  while numbers  too  small to  express  return zero.  Rational
     numbers are returned as is.
     <expr>    the real number
     returns   the number as a ratio or integer.

(+ [<expr>...])                                       ADD A LIST OF NUMBERS
     With no arguments returns addition identity, 0 (integer)
     <expr>    the numbers
     returns   the result of the addition

(- <expr>...)          SUBTRACT A LIST OF NUMBERS OR NEGATE A SINGLE NUMBER
     <expr>    the numbers
     returns   the result of the subtraction

(* [<expr>...])                                  MULTIPLY A LIST OF NUMBERS
     With no arguments returns multiplication identity, 1
     <expr>    the numbers
     returns   the result of the multiplication

(/ <expr>...)            DIVIDE A LIST OF NUMBERS OR INVERT A SINGLE NUMBER
     With  the math  extension, division  of integer  numbers results  in a
     rational quotient,  rather than integer. To  perform integer division,
     use TRUNCATE.  When an integer complex  is divided by  an integer, the
     quotient is floating point complex.
     <expr>    the numbers
     returns   the result of the division

(1+ <expr>)                                             ADD ONE TO A NUMBER
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the number plus one

(1- <expr>)                                      SUBTRACT ONE FROM A NUMBER
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the number minus one

(rem <expr>...)                              REMAINDER OF A LIST OF NUMBERS
     With the math extension, only two arguments allowed.
     <expr>    the real numbers (must be integers, without math extension)
     returns   the  result  of  the  remainder  operation  (remainder  with
               truncating division)

(mod <expr1> <expr2>)                          NUMBER MODULO ANOTHER NUMBER
     Part of math extension.
     <expr1>   real number
     <expr2>   real number divisor (may not be zero)
     returns   the  remainder  after  dividing  <expr1>  by  <expr2>  using
               flooring  division, thus  there is  no discontinuity  in the
               function around zero.

(min <expr>...)                           THE SMALLEST OF A LIST OF NUMBERS
     <expr>    the real numbers
     returns   the smallest number in the list

(max <expr>...)                            THE LARGEST OF A LIST OF NUMBERS
     <expr>    the real numbers
     returns   the largest number in the list

(abs <expr>)                                 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NUMBER
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the  absolute value  of  the number,  which is  the floating
               point magnitude for complex numbers.

(signum <expr>)                                    GET THE SIGN OF A NUMBER
     Defined in common.lsp
     <expr>    the number
     returns   zero if number is zero, one  if positive, or negative one if
               negative.  Numeric type  is  same as  number. For  a complex
               number, returns unit magnitude but same phase as number.

(gcd [<n>...])                          COMPUTE THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR
     With no arguments returns 0, with one argument returns the argument.
     <n>       The number(s) (integer)
     returns   the greatest common divisor

(lcm <n>...)                              COMPUTE THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
     Part  of  math extension.  A result  which  would be  larger  than the
     largest integer causes an error.
     <n>       The number(s) (integer)
     returns   the least common multiple

(random <n> [<state>])                       COMPUTE A PSEUDO-RANDOM NUMBER
     <n>       the real number upper bound
     <state>   a random-state (default is *random-state*)
     returns   a random number in range [0,n)

(make-random-state [<state>])                         CREATE A RANDOM-STATE
     <state>   a  random-state,   t,  or  NIL  (default   NIL).  NIL  means
               *random-state*
     returns   If  <state> is t, a random random-state, otherwise a copy of
               <state>

(sin <expr>)                                   COMPUTE THE SINE OF A NUMBER
(cos <expr>)                                 COMPUTE THE COSINE OF A NUMBER
(tan <expr>)                                COMPUTE THE TANGENT OF A NUMBER
(asin <expr>)                              COMPUTE THE ARC SINE OF A NUMBER
(acos <expr>)                            COMPUTE THE ARC COSINE OF A NUMBER
     <expr>    the floating point number
     returns   the  sine, cosine, tangent, arc  sine, or arc  cosine of the
               number

(atan <expr> [<expr2>])                 COMPUTE THE ARC TANGENT OF A NUMBER
     <expr>    the floating point number (numerator)
     <expr2>   the denominator,  default 1. May  only be specified  if math
               extension installed
     returns   the arc tangent of <expr>/<expr2>

(sinh <expr>)                       COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC SINE OF A NUMBER
(cosh <expr>)                     COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC COSINE OF A NUMBER
(tanh <expr>)                    COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC TANGENT OF A NUMBER
(asinh <expr>)                  COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC ARC SINE OF A NUMBER
(acosh <expr>)                COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC ARC COSINE OF A NUMBER
(atanh <expr>)               COMPUTE THE HYPERBOLIC ARC TANGENT OF A NUMBER
     Defined in common.lsp
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the hyperbolic sine, cosine,  tangent, arc sine, arc cosine,
               or arc tangent of the number.

(expt <x-expr> <y-expr>)                           COMPUTE X TO THE Y POWER
     <x-expr>  the number
     <y-expr>  the exponent
     returns   x to the y power. If y is a fixnum, then  the result type is
               the same  as the type  of x, unless  fixnum or ratio  and it
               would overflow, then the result type is a flonum.

(exp <x-expr>)                                     COMPUTE E TO THE X POWER
     <x-expr>  the floating point number
     returns   e to the x power

(cis <x-expr>)                                      COMPUTE COSINE + I SINE
     Defined in common.lsp
     <x-expr>  the number
     returns   e to the ix power

(log <expr> [<base>])                                  COMPUTE THE LOGRITHM
     Part of the math extension
     <expr>    the number
     <base>    the base, default is e
     returns   log base <base> of <expr>

(sqrt <expr>)                           COMPUTE THE SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the square root of the number

(numerator <expr>)                            GET THE NUMERATOR OF A NUMBER
     Part of math extension
     <expr>    rational number
     returns   numerator of number (number if integer)

(denominator <expr>)                        GET THE DENOMINATOR OF A NUMBER
     Part of math extension
     <expr>    rational number
     returns   denominator of number (1 if integer)

(complex <real> [<imag>])                         CONVERT TO COMPLEX NUMBER
     Part of math extension
     <real>    real number real part
     <imag>    real number imaginary part (default 0)
     returns   the complex number

(realpart <expr>)                             GET THE REAL PART OF A NUMBER
     Part of the math extension
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the real part of a complex number, or the number itself if a
     real number

(imagpart <expr>)                        GET THE IMAGINARY PART OF A NUMBER
     Part of the math extension
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the imaginary part  of a complex number, or zero of the type
               of the number if a real number.

(conjugate <expr>)                            GET THE CONJUGATE OF A NUMBER
     Part of the math extension
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the conjugate of a complex number, or the number itself if a
     real number.

(phase <expr>)                                    GET THE PHASE OF A NUMBER
     Part of the math extension
     <expr>    the number
     returns   the  phase  angle,  equivalent to  (atan  (imagpart  <expr>)
               (realpart <expr>))

(< <n1> <n2>...)                                         TEST FOR LESS THAN
(<= <n1> <n2>...)                            TEST FOR LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
(= <n1> <n2>...)                                          TEST FOR EQUAL TO
(/= <n1> <n2>...)                                     TEST FOR NOT EQUAL TO
(>= <n1> <n2>...)                         TEST FOR GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
(> <n1> <n2>...)                                      TEST FOR GREATER THAN
     <n1>      the first real number to compare
     <n2>      the second real number to compare
     returns   the result of comparing <n1> with <n2>...

(logand [<expr>...])                  THE BITWISE AND OF A LIST OF INTEGERS
     With no arguments returns identity -1
     <expr>    the integers
     returns   the result of the and operation

(logior [<expr>...])         THE BITWISE INCLUSIVE OR OF A LIST OF INTEGERS
     With no arguments returns identity 0
     <expr>    the integers
     returns   the result of the inclusive or operation

(logxor [<expr>...])         THE BITWISE EXCLUSIVE OR OF A LIST OF INTEGERS
     With no arguments returns identity 0
     <expr>    the integers
     returns   the result of the exclusive or operation

(lognot <expr>)                                THE BITWISE NOT OF A INTEGER
     <expr>    the integer
     returns   the bitwise inversion of integer

(logtest <expr1> <expr2>)                  TEST BITWISE AND OF TWO INTEGERS
     Defined in common.lsp
     <expr1>   the first integer
     <expr2>   the second integer
     returns   T if the result of the and operation is non-zero, else NIL

(ash <expr1> <expr2>)                                      ARITHMETIC SHIFT
     Part of math extension
     <expr1>   integer to shift
     <expr2>   number of bit positions to shift (positive is to left)
     returns   shifted integer

(string <expr>)                   MAKE A STRING FROM AN INTEGER ASCII VALUE
     <expr>    an  integer  (which  is   first  converted  into  its  ASCII
               character value), string, character, or symbol
     returns   the string representation of the argument

(string-trim <bag> <str>)                        TRIM BOTH ENDS OF A STRING
     <bag>     a string containing characters to trim
     <str>     the string to trim
     returns   a trimed copy of the string

(string-left-trim <bag> <str>)                TRIM THE LEFT END OF A STRING
     <bag>     a string containing characters to trim
     <str>     the string to trim
     returns   a trimed copy of the string

(string-right-trim <bag> <str>)              TRIM THE RIGHT END OF A STRING
     <bag>     a string containing characters to trim
     <str>     the string to trim
     returns   a trimed copy of the string

(string-upcase <str> &key :start :end)                 CONVERT TO UPPERCASE
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   a converted copy of the string

(string-downcase <str> &key :start :end)               CONVERT TO LOWERCASE
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   a converted copy of the string

(string-capitalize <str> &key :start :end)                CAPITALIZE STRING
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   a  converted copy  of the  string with  each word  having an
               initial uppercase letter and following lowercase letters

(nstring-upcase <str> &key :start :end)                CONVERT TO UPPERCASE
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   the converted string (not a copy)

(nstring-downcase <str> &key :start :end)              CONVERT TO LOWERCASE
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   the converted string (not a copy)

(nstring-capitalize <str> &key :start :end)               CAPITALIZE STRING
     <str>     the string
     :start    the starting offset
     :end      the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   the string with each word having an initial uppercase letter
               and following lowercase letters (not a copy)

(strcat <expr>...)                                      CONCATENATE STRINGS
     Macro in init.lsp, to maintain compatibility with XLISP.
     See CONCATENATE for preferred function.
     <expr>    the strings to concatenate
     returns   the result of concatenating the strings

(string< <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string<= <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string= <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string/= <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string>= <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string> <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
     <str1>    the first string to compare
     <str2>    the second string to compare
     :start1   first substring starting offset
     :end1     first substring ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     :start2   second substring starting offset
     :end2     second substring ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   string=: t if predicate is true, NIL otherwise
               others: If predicate is true then number of initial matching
               characters, else NIL
     Note: case is significant with these comparison functions.

(string-lessp <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string-not-greaterp <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string-equal <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string-not-equal <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string-not-lessp <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
(string-greaterp <str1> <str2> &key :start1 :end1 :start2 :end2)
     <str1>    the first string to compare
     <str2>    the second string to compare
     :start1   first substring starting offset
     :end1     first substring ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     :start2   second substring starting offset
     :end2     second substring ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   string-equal: t if predicate is true, NIL otherwise
               others: If predicate is true then number of initial matching
               characters, else NIL
     Note: case is not  significant with these comparison functions  -- all
     uppercase characters are converted to lowercase before being compared.

(char <string> <index>)                   EXTRACT A CHARACTER FROM A STRING
     <string>  the string
     <index>   the string index (zero relative)
     returns   the ascii code of the character

(alphanumericp <chr>)                       IS THIS CHARACTER ALPHANUMERIC?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   true  if  the  character   is  alphabetic  or  numeric,  NIL
               otherwise

(upper-case-p <chr>)                       IS THIS AN UPPER CASE CHARACTER?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   true if the character is upper case, NIL otherwise

(lower-case-p <chr>)                        IS THIS A LOWER CASE CHARACTER?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   true if the character is lower case, NIL otherwise

(alpha-char-p <chr>)                       IS THIS AN ALPHABETIC CHARACTER?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   true if the character is alphabetic, NIL otherwise

(both-case-p <chr>)          IS THIS AN ALPHABETIC (EITHER CASE) CHARACTER?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   true  if the  character  is  available  in both  cases,  NIL
               otherwise

(digit-char-p <chr>)                             IS THIS A DIGIT CHARACTER?
     <chr>     the character
     returns   the digit weight if character is a digit, NIL otherwise

(char-code <chr>)                         GET THE ASCII CODE OF A CHARACTER
     <chr>     the character
     returns   the ASCII character code (integer, parity bit stripped)

(code-char <code>)             GET THE CHARACTER WITH A SPECFIED ASCII CODE
     <code>    the ASCII code (integer, range 0-127)
     returns   the character with that code or NIL

(char-upcase <chr>)                       CONVERT A CHARACTER TO UPPER CASE
     <chr>     the character
     returns   the upper  case  version of  the character,  if one  exists,
               otherwise returns the character

(char-downcase <chr>)                     CONVERT A CHARACTER TO LOWER CASE
     <chr>     the character
     returns   the  lower case  version  of the  character, if  one exists,
               otherwise returns the character

(digit-char <n>)                          CONVERT A DIGIT WEIGHT TO A DIGIT
     <n>       the digit weight (integer)
     returns   the digit character or NIL

(char-int <chr>)                          CONVERT A CHARACTER TO AN INTEGER
     <chr>     the character
     returns   the ASCII character code (range 0-255)

(int-char <int>)                          CONVERT AN INTEGER TO A CHARACTER
     <int>     the ASCII character code (treated modulo 256)
     returns   the character with that code

(char< <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char<= <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char= <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char/= <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char>= <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char> <chr1> <chr2>...)
     <chr1>    the first character to compare
     <chr2>    the second character(s) to compare
     returns   t if predicate is true, NIL otherwise
     Note: case is significant with these comparison functions.

(char-lessp <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char-not-greaterp <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char-equal <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char-not-equal <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char-not-lessp <chr1> <chr2>...)
(char-greaterp <chr1> <chr2>...)
     <chr1>    the first string to compare
     <chr2>    the second string(s) to compare
     returns   t if predicate is true, NIL otherwise
     Note: case is not  significant with these comparison functions  -- all
     uppercase characters are converted to lowercase before the comparison.


(defstruct name [<comment>] <slot-desc>...)
(defstruct (name <option>...) [<comment>] <slot-desc>...)
               fsubr
               <name>              the structure name symbol (quoted)
               <option>            option description (quoted)
               <comment>           comment string (ignored)
               <slot-desc>         slot descriptions (quoted)
               returns             the structure name
The recognized options are:
     (:conc-name name)
     (:include name [<slot-desc>...])
     (:print-function <function>)

(send <object> <message> [<args>...])                        SEND A MESSAGE
     <object>  the object to receive the message
     <message> message sent to object
     <args>    arguments to method (if any)
     returns   the result of the method

(send-super <message> [<args>])                SEND A MESSAGE TO SUPERCLASS
     valid only in method context
     <message> message sent to method's superclass
     <args>    arguments to method (if any)
     returns   the result of the method

(defclass <sym> <ivars> [<cvars> [<super>]])             DEFINE A NEW CLASS
     defined in class.lsp as a macro
     <sym>     symbol  whose value  is  to be  bound  to the  class  object
               (quoted)
     <ivars>   list  of instance  variables  (quoted).  Instance  variables
               specified  either as  <ivar> or  (<ivar> <init>)  to specify
               non-NIL default initial value.
     <cvars>   list of class variables (quoted)
     <super>   superclass, or Object if absent.
     This function  sends :SET-PNAME  (defined in  classes.lsp) to  the new
     class to set the class' print name instance variable.
     Methods defined for classes defined with defclass:
     (send <object> :<ivar>)
               Returns the specified instance variable
     (send <object> :SET-IVAR <ivar> <value>)
               Used to set an instance variable, typically with setf.
     (send <sym> :NEW {:<ivar> <init>})
               Actually   definition  for   :ISNEW.   Creates  new   object
               initializing  instance  variables  as  specified  in keyword
               arguments,  or  to  their  default if  keyword  argument  is
               missing. Returns the object.

(defmethod <class> <sym> <fargs> <expr> ...)            DEFINE A NEW METHOD
     defined in class.lsp as a macro
     <class>   Class which will respond to message
     <sym>     Message name (quoted)
     <fargs>   Formal argument list. Leading "self" is implied (quoted)
     <expr>    Expressions constituting body of method (quoted)
     returns   the class object.

(definst <class> <sym> [<args>...])            DEFINE A NEW GLOBAL INSTANCE
     defined in class.lsp as a macro
     <class>   Class of new object
     <sym>     Symbol whose value will be set to new object
     <args>    Arguments  passed  to  :NEW  (typically initial  values  for
               instance variables)

(atom <expr>)                                              IS THIS AN ATOM?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is an atom, NIL otherwise

(symbolp <expr>)                                          IS THIS A SYMBOL?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the expression is a symbol, NIL otherwise

(numberp <expr>)                                          IS THIS A NUMBER?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the expression is a number, NIL otherwise

(null <expr>)                                        IS THIS AN EMPTY LIST?
     <expr>    the list to check
     returns   t if the list is empty, NIL otherwise

(not <expr>)                                                 IS THIS FALSE?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     return    t if the value is NIL, NIL otherwise

(listp <expr>)                                              IS THIS A LIST?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a cons or NIL, NIL otherwise

(endp <list>)                                    IS THIS THE END OF A LIST?
     <list>    the list
     returns   t if the value is NIL, NIL otherwise

(consp <expr>)                                    IS THIS A NON-EMPTY LIST?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a cons, NIL otherwise

(constantp <expr>)                                      IS THIS A CONSTANT?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value  is a constant (basically, would  EVAL <expr>
               repeatedly return the same thing?), NIL otherwise.

(specialp <expr>)                                 IS THIS A SPECIAL SYMBOL?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a symbol which is SPECIAL, NIL otherwise.

(integerp <expr>)                                       IS THIS AN INTEGER?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is an integer, NIL otherwise

(floatp <expr>)                                            IS THIS A FLOAT?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a float, NIL otherwise

(rationalp <expr>)                               IS THIS A RATIONAL NUMBER?
     Part of math extension.
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is rational (integer or ratio), NIL otherwise

(complexp <expr>)                                 IS THIS A COMPLEX NUMBER?
     Part of math extension.
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a complex number, NIL otherwise

(stringp <expr>)                                          IS THIS A STRING?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a string, NIL otherwise

(characterp <expr>)                                    IS THIS A CHARACTER?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a character, NIL otherwise

(arrayp <expr>)                                           IS THIS AN ARRAY?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is an array, NIL otherwise

(streamp <expr>)                                          IS THIS A STREAM?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a stream, NIL otherwise

(open-stream-p <stream>)                                    IS STREAM OPEN?
     <stream>  the stream
     returns   t if the stream is open, NIL otherwise

(input-stream-p <stream>)                               IS STREAM READABLE?
     <stream>  the stream
     returns   t if stream is readable, NIL otherwise

(output-stream-p <stream>)                              IS STREAM WRITABLE?
     <stream>  the stream
     returns   t if stream is writable, NIL otherwise

(objectp <expr>)                                         IS THIS AN OBJECT?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is an object, NIL otherwise

(classp <expr>)                                     IS THIS A CLASS OBJECT?
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value is a class object, NIL otherwise

(boundp <sym>)                             IS A VALUE BOUND TO THIS SYMBOL?
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   t if a value is bound to the symbol, NIL otherwise

(fboundp <sym>)                 IS A FUNCTIONAL VALUE BOUND TO THIS SYMBOL?
     <sym>     the symbol
     returns   t  if a  functional  value  is  bound  to  the  symbol,  NIL
               otherwise

(functionp <sym>)                                       IS THIS A FUNCTION?
     Defined in common.lsp
     <expr>    the expression to check
     returns   t if the value  is a function -- that is,  can it be applied
               to arguments. This is  true for any symbol (even  those with
               no function binding), list with car being lambda, a closure,
               or subr. Otherwise returns NIL.

(minusp <expr>)                                    IS THIS NUMBER NEGATIVE?
     <expr>    the number to test
     returns   t if the number is negative, NIL otherwise

(zerop <expr>)                                         IS THIS NUMBER ZERO?
     <expr>    the number to test
     returns   t if the number is zero, NIL otherwise

(plusp <expr>)                                     IS THIS NUMBER POSITIVE?
     <expr>    the number to test
     returns   t if the number is positive, NIL otherwise

(evenp <expr>)                                        IS THIS INTEGER EVEN?
     <expr>    the integer to test
     returns   t if the integer is even, NIL otherwise

(oddp <expr>)                                          IS THIS INTEGER ODD?
     <expr>    the integer to test
     returns   t if the integer is odd, NIL otherwise

(subsetp <list1> <list2> &key :test :test-not :key)        IS SET A SUBSET?
     <list1>   the first list
     <list2>   the second list
     :test     test function (defaults to eql)
     :test-not test function (sense inverted)
     :key      function to  apply to  test function arguments  (defaults to
               identity)
     returns   t if  every element of the first list is in the second list,
               NIL otherwise

(eq <expr1> <expr2>)                             ARE THE EXPRESSIONS EQUAL?
(eql <expr1> <expr2>)
(equal <expr1> <expr2>)
(equalp <expr1> <expr2>)
     equalp defined in common.lsp
     <expr1>   the first expression
     <expr2>   the second expression
     returns   t  if  equal,  NIL  otherwise. Each  is  progressively  more
               liberal in what is "equal":
               eq: identical  pointers --  works with characters,  symbols,
                         and arbitrarily small integers
               eql: works with  all numbers, if  same type (see  also =  on
               page 53)
               equal: lists and strings
               equalp: case  insensitive characters (and  strings), numbers
                         of differing types, arrays (which can be equalp to
                         string containing same elements)

(typep <expr> <type>)                             IS THIS A SPECIFIED TYPE?
     <expr>    the expression to test
     <type>    the  type specifier.  Symbols  can either  be  one of  those
               listed under type-of (on page 86) or one of:
               ATOM      any atom
               NULL      NIL
               LIST      matches NIL or any cons cell
               STREAM    any stream
               NUMBER    any number type
               RATIONAL  fixnum or ratio (math extension)
               STRUCT    any structure (except hash-table)
               FUNCTION  any function, as defined by functionp (page 65)
               The specifer can also be  a form (which can be  nested). All
               form elements are quoted. Valid form cars:
               or        any of the cdr type specifiers must be true
               and       all of the cdr type specifiers must be true
               not       the single cdr type specifier must be false
               satisfies the  result of applying the cdr predicate function
                         to <expr>
               member    <expr> must be eql to one of the cdr values
               object    <expr> must  be an  object, of class  specified by
                         the  single  cdr value.  The  cdr value  can  be a
                         symbol which must evaluate to a class.
               Note that  everything is of type  T, and nothing  is of type
               NIL.
     returns   t if <expr> is of type <type>, NIL otherwise.

(cond <pair>...)                                     EVALUATE CONDITIONALLY
     fsubr
     <pair>    pair consisting of:
               (<pred> <expr>...)
               where
               <pred>    is a predicate expression
               <expr>    evaluated if the predicate is not NIL
     returns   the value of the first expression whose predicate is not NIL

(and <expr>...)                    THE LOGICAL AND OF A LIST OF EXPRESSIONS
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expressions to be ANDed
     returns   NIL if any  expression evaluates to NIL, otherwise the value
               of  the last  expression  (evaluation  of expressions  stops
               after the first expression that evaluates to NIL)

(or <expr>...)                      THE LOGICAL OR OF A LIST OF EXPRESSIONS
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expressions to be ORed
     returns   NIL if all expressions evaluate to NIL, otherwise  the value
               of the  first non-NIL expression (evaluation  of expressions
               stops  after the first expression  that does not evaluate to
               NIL)

(if <texpr> <expr1> [<expr2>])           EVALUATE EXPRESSIONS CONDITIONALLY
     fsubr
     <texpr>   the test expression
     <expr1>   the expression to be evaluated if texpr is non-NIL
     <expr2>   the expression to be evaluated if texpr is NIL
     returns   the value of the selected expression

(when <texpr> <expr>...)             EVALUATE ONLY WHEN A CONDITION IS TRUE
     fsubr
     <texpr>   the test expression
     <expr>    the expression(s) to be evaluted if texpr is non-NIL
     returns   the value of the last expression or NIL

(unless <texpr> <expr>...)          EVALUATE ONLY WHEN A CONDITION IS FALSE
     fsubr
     <texpr>   the test expression
     <expr>    the expression(s) to be evaluated if texpr is NIL
     returns   the value of the last expression or NIL

(case <expr> <case>...[(t <expr>)])                          SELECT BY CASE
     fsubr
     <expr>    the selection expression
     <case>    pair consisting of:
               (<value> <expr>...)
               where:
               <value>   is a  single expression  or a list  of expressions
                         (unevaluated)
               <expr>    are expressions to execute if the case matches
     (t <expr>)          default case (no previous matching)
     returns   the value of the last expression of the matching case

(let (<binding>...) <expr>...)                        CREATE LOCAL BINDINGS
(let* (<binding>...) <expr>...)                 LET WITH SEQUENTIAL BINDING
     fsubr
     <binding> the variable bindings each of which is either:
               1)        a symbol (which is initialized to NIL)
               2)        a  list whose car is a symbol and whose cadr is an
                         initialization expression
     <expr>    the expressions to be evaluated
     returns   the value of the last expression

(flet (<binding>...) <expr>...)                      CREATE LOCAL FUNCTIONS
(labels (<binding>...) <expr>...)             FLET WITH RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS
(macrolet (<binding>...) <expr>...)                     CREATE LOCAL MACROS
     fsubr
     <binding> the function bindings each of which is:
               (<sym> <fargs> <expr>...)
               where:
               <sym>     the function/macro name
               <fargs>   formal argument list (lambda list)
               <expr>    expressions   constituting   the   body   of   the
                         function/macro
     <expr>    the expressions to be evaluated
     returns   the value of the last expression

(catch <sym> <expr>...)               EVALUATE EXPRESSIONS AND CATCH THROWS
     fsubr
     <sym>     the catch tag
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate
     returns   the value of the last expression or the throw expression

(throw <sym> [<expr>])                                     THROW TO A CATCH
     fsubr
     <sym>     the catch tag
     <expr>    the value for the catch to return (defaults to NIL)
     returns   never returns

(unwind-protect <expr> <cexpr>...)      PROTECT EVALUATION OF AN EXPRESSION
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expression to protect
     <cexpr>   the cleanup expressions
     returns   the value of the expression
     Note:   unwind-protect guarantees  to execute the  cleanup expressions
     even  if a non-local exit  terminates the evaluation  of the protected
     expression

(loop <expr>...)                                         BASIC LOOPING FORM
     fsubr
     <expr>    the body of the loop
     returns   never returns (must use non-local exit, such as RETURN)

(do (<binding>...) (<texpr> <rexpr>...) <expr>...)     GENERAL LOOPING FORM
(do* (<binding>...) (<texpr> <rexpr>...) <expr>...)
     fsubr. do binds simultaneously, do* binds sequentially
     <binding> the variable bindings each of which is either:
               1)        a symbol (which is initialized to NIL)
               2)        a list of the form: (<sym> <init> [<step>])
               where:
                         <sym>     is the symbol to bind
                         <init>    the initial value of the symbol
                         <step>    a step expression
     <texpr>   the termination test expression
     <rexpr>   result expressions (the default is NIL)
     <expr>    the body of the loop (treated like an implicit prog)
     returns   the value of the last result expression

(dolist (<sym> <expr> [<rexpr>]) <expr>...)             LOOP THROUGH A LIST
     fsubr
     <sym>     the symbol to bind to each list element
     <expr>    the list expression
     <rexpr>   the result expression (the default is NIL)
     <expr>    the body of the loop (treated like an implicit prog)
     returns   the result expression

(dotimes (<sym> <expr> [<rexpr>]) <expr>...)          LOOP FROM ZERO TO N-1
     fsubr
     <sym>     the symbol to bind to each value from 0 to n-1
     <expr>    the number of times to loop
     <rexpr>   the result expression (the default is NIL)
     <expr>    the body of the loop (treated like an implicit prog)
     returns   the result expression

(prog (<binding>...) <expr>...)                         THE PROGRAM FEATURE
(prog* (<binding>...) <expr>...)               PROG WITH SEQUENTIAL BINDING
     fsubr -- equivalent to (let () (block NIL (tagbody ...)))
     <binding> the variable bindings each of which is either:
               1)        a symbol (which is initialized to NIL)
               2)        a list whose car is a  symbol and whose cadr is an
                         initialization expression
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate or tags (symbols)
     returns   NIL or the argument passed to the return function

(block <name> <expr>...)                                        NAMED BLOCK
     fsubr
     <name>    the block name (quoted symbol)
     <expr>    the block body
     returns   the value of the last expression

(return [<expr>])                  CAUSE A PROG CONSTRUCT TO RETURN A VALUE
     fsubr
     <expr>    the value (defaults to NIL)
     returns   never returns

(return-from <name> [<value>])        RETURN FROM A NAMED BLOCK OR FUNCTION
     fsubr.  In traditional  Xlisp,  the names  are  dynamically scoped.  A
     compilation option (default) uses lexical scoping like Common Lisp.
     <name>    the  block or function name (quoted symbol). If name is NIL,
               use function RETURN.
     <value>   the value to return (defaults to NIL)
     returns   never returns

(tagbody <expr>...)                                       BLOCK WITH LABELS
     fsubr
     <expr>    expression(s) to evaluate or tags (symbols)
     returns   NIL

(go <sym>)                                     GO TO A TAG WITHIN A TAGBODY
     fsubr.  In   traditional  Xlisp,   tags  are  dynamically   scoped.  A
     compilation option (default) uses lexical scoping like Common Lisp.
     <sym>     the tag (quoted)
     returns   never returns

(progv <slist> <vlist> <expr>...)                  DYNAMICALLY BIND SYMBOLS
     fsubr
     <slist>   list of symbols (evaluated)
     <vlist>   list of values to bind to the symbols (evaluated)
     <expr>    expression(s) to evaluate
     returns   the value of the last expression

(prog1 <expr1> <expr>...)                  EXECUTE EXPRESSIONS SEQUENTIALLY
     fsubr
     <expr1>   the first expression to evaluate
     <expr>    the remaining expressions to evaluate
     returns   the value of the first expression

(prog2 <expr1> <expr2> <expr>...)          EXECUTE EXPRESSIONS SEQUENTIALLY
     fsubr
     <expr1>   the first expression to evaluate
     <expr2>   the second expression to evaluate
     <expr>    the remaining expressions to evaluate
     returns   the value of the second expression

(progn <expr>...)                          EXECUTE EXPRESSIONS SEQUENTIALLY
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expressions to evaluate
     returns   the value of the last expression (or NIL)

(read [<stream> [<eofp> [<eof> [<rflag>]]]])             READ AN EXPRESSION
     NOTE:  there has been an  incompatible change in  arguments from prior
     versions.
     <stream>  the input stream (default, or NIL, is *standard-input*, T is
               *terminal-io*)
     <eofp>    When T,  signal an  error on end  of file,  when NIL  return
               <eof> (default is T)
     <eof>     the value to return on end of file (default is NIL)
     <rflag>   recursive read flag. The value is ignored
     returns   the expression read

(set-macro-character <ch> <fcn> [ T ])                    MODIFY READ TABLE
     defined in init.lsp
     <ch>      character to define
     <fcn>     function to bind to character (see page 12)
     T         if TMACRO rather than NMACRO

(get-macro-character <ch>)                               EXAMINE READ TABLE
     defined in init.lsp
     <ch>      character
     returns   function bound to character

(print <expr> [<stream>])                 PRINT AN EXPRESSION ON A NEW LINE
     The expression is printed using prin1, then current line is terminated
     (Note: this is backwards from Common Lisp).
     <expr>    the expression to be printed
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the expression

(prin1 <expr> [<stream>])                               PRINT AN EXPRESSION
     symbols, cons cells (without circularities), arrays, strings, numbers,
     and characters are  printed in  a format generally  acceptable to  the
     read  function.  Printing  format  can  be  affected   by  the  global
     formatting variables:  *print-level* and *print-length*  for lists and
     arrays,  *integer-format*  for  fixnums, *float-format*  for  flonums,
     *ratio-format* for ratios,  and *print-case* and  *readtable-case* for
     symbols.
     <expr>    the expression to be printed
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the expression

(princ <expr> [<stream>])               PRINT AN EXPRESSION WITHOUT QUOTING
     Like  PRIN1  except  symbols  (including   uninterned),  strings,  and
     characters are printed without using any quoting mechanisms.
     <expr>    the expressions to be printed
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the expression

(pprint <expr> [<stream>])                       PRETTY PRINT AN EXPRESSION
     Uses prin1 for printing.
     <expr>    the expressions to be printed
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the expression

(terpri [<stream>])                        TERMINATE THE CURRENT PRINT LINE
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   NIL

(fresh-line [<stream>])                                    START A NEW LINE
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   t  if a new list was started, NIL if already at the start of
               a line.

(flatsize <expr>)              LENGTH OF PRINTED REPRESENTATION USING PRIN1
     <expr>    the expression
     returns   the length

(flatc <expr>)                 LENGTH OF PRINTED REPRESENTATION USING PRINC
     <expr>    the expression
     returns   the length

(y-or-n-p [<fmt> [<arg>...]])                      ASK A YES OR NO QUESTION
(yes-or-no-p [<fmt> [<arg>...]])
     defined in  common.lsp.  Uses *terminal-io*  stream  for  interaction.
     y-or-n-p  strives for a single character  response,  using get-key  if
     defined.
     <fmt>     optional format string for question (see page 75)
     <arg>     arguments, if any, for format string
     returns   T for yes, NIL for no.

(format <stream> <fmt> [<arg>...])                      DO FORMATTED OUTPUT
     <stream>  the output stream (T is *standard-output*)
     <fmt>     the format string
     <arg>     the format arguments
     returns   output string if <stream> is NIL, NIL otherwise
The format string can contain characters that  should be copied directly to
the output and formatting directives. The formatting directives are:
     ~A or ~a  print next argument using princ
     ~S or ~s  print next argument using prin1
     ~D or ~d  print next argument integer
     ~E or ~e  print next argument in exponential form
     ~F or ~f  print next argument in fixed point form
     ~G or ~g  print next  argument  using either  ~E  or ~F  depending  on
               magnitude
     ~O or ~o  print next argument as octal integer
     ~X or ~x  print next argument as hexidecimal integer
     ~%        start a new line
     ~&        start a new line if not on a new line
     ~|        start a new page
     ~?        use next argument as recursive format string
     ~( ~)     process format string with case conversion
     ~{ ~}     process format string repetitively
     ~[ ~; ~]  process format string conditionally
     ~*        skip arguments
     ~t or ~T  go to a specified column
     ~~        print a tilde character
     ~\n       ignore return and following whitespace

(read-char [<stream>[<eofp>[<eof>]]])        READ A CHARACTER FROM A STREAM
     NOTE: New eof arguments are incompatible with older XLISP versions.
     <stream>  the input stream (default, or NIL, is *standard-input*, T is
               *terminal-io*)
     <eofp>    When T,  signal an  error on end  of file,  when NIL  return
               <eof> (default is T)
     <eof>     the value to return on end of file (default is NIL)
     returns   the character or <eof> at end of file

(peek-char [<flag> [<stream>]])                  PEEK AT THE NEXT CHARACTER
     <flag>    flag for skipping white space (default is NIL)
     <stream>  the input stream (default, or NIL, is *standard-input*, T is
               *terminal-io*)
     returns   the character or NIL at end of file

(write-char <ch> [<stream>])                  WRITE A CHARACTER TO A STREAM
     <ch>      the character to write
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the character

(read-line [<stream>[<eofp>[<eof>]]])             READ A LINE FROM A STREAM
     NOTE: New eof arguments are incompatible with older XLISP versions.
     <stream>  the input stream (default, or NIL, is *standard-input*, T is
               *terminal-io*)
     <eofp>    When T,  signal an  error on end  of file,  when NIL  return
               <eof> (default is T)
     <eof>     the value to return on end of file (default is NIL)
     returns   the string excluding the #\newline, or <eof> at end of file

(open <fname> &key :direction :element-type :if-exists :if-does-not-exist)
                                                         OPEN A FILE STREAM
     The function OPEN has been significantly enhanced over original XLISP.
     The original function only had the  :direction keyword argument, which
     could only  have  the values  :input or  :output. When  used with  the
     :output keyword, it was equivalent to (open <fname> :direction :output
     :if-exists :supersede). A maximum of ten files can be open  at any one
     time, including any files open via the LOAD, DRIBBLE, SAVE and RESTORE
     commands. The open command  may force a garbage collection  to reclaim
     file slots used by unbound file streams.
     <fname>        the file  name string,  symbol, or file  stream created
                    via OPEN. In the last case, the name is used  to open a
                    second stream  on  the  same  file --  this  can  cause
                    problems if one or more streams is used for writing.
     :direction     Read  and  write  permission  for  stream  (default  is
                    :input).
       :input       Open file for read operations only.
       :probe       Open file for reading,  then close it (use to  test for
                    file existance)
       :output      Open file for write operations only.
       :io          Like :output, but reading also allowed.
     :element-type  FIXNUM or CHARACTER (default is CHARACTER), as returned
                    by  type-of function  (on page  86). Files  opened with
                    type FIXNUM  are binary  files instead of  ascii, which
                    means no  crlf to/from  lf conversion takes  place, and
                    control-Z will not terminate an  input file. It is  the
                    intent  of  Common  Lisp  that  binary  files  only  be
                    accessed  with  read-byte  and write-byte  while  ascii
                    files be  accessed with any function  but read-byte and
                    write-byte. XLISP does not enforce that distinction.
     :if-exists     action  to take  if file  exists. Argument  ignored for
                    :input (file is positioned at start) or :probe (file is
                    closed)
       :error       give error message
       :rename      rename file to generated backup  name, then open a  new
                    file of the original name. This is the default action
       :new-version same as :rename
       :overwrite   file is positioned to start, original data intact
       :append      file is positioned to end
       :supersede   delete original file and open new file of the same name
       :rename-and-delete  same as :supersede
       NIL          close file and return NIL
     :if-does-not-exist    action to take if file does not exist.
       :error       give error  message (default for :input,  or :overwrite
                    or :append)
       :create      create  a new file (default for :output or :io when not
                    :overwrite or :append)
       NIL          return NIL (default for :probe)
     returns        a file stream, or sometimes NIL

(close <stream>)                                        CLOSE A FILE STREAM
     The stream becomes a  "closed stream." Note that unbound  file streams
     are closed automatically during a garbage collection.
     <stream>  the stream, which may be a string stream
     returns   t  if stream closed, NIL  if terminal (cannot  be closed) or
               already closed.

(delete-file <fname>)                                         DELETE A FILE
     <fname>   file name string, symbol or a stream opened with OPEN
     returns   t  if file  does not exist  or is  deleted. If  <fname> is a
               stream,  the stream is closed before the file is deleted. An
               error occurs if the file cannot be deleted.

(truename <fname>)                                OBTAIN THE FILE PATH NAME
     <fname>   file name string, symbol, or a stream opened with OPEN
     returns   string  representing the  true file  name (absolute  path to
     file).

(with-open-file (<var> <fname> [<karg>...]) [<expr>...])
                                                      EVALUATE USING A FILE
     Defined in common.lsp  as a  macro. File  will always  be closed  upon
     completion
     <var>     symbol name to bind  stream to while evaluating expresssions
               (quoted)
     <fname>   file name string or symbol
     <karg>    keyword arguments for the implicit open command
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate while file is open (implicit progn)
     returns   value of last <expr>.

(read-byte [<stream>[<eofp>[<eof>]]])             READ A BYTE FROM A STREAM
     NOTE: New eof arguments are incompatible with older XLISP versions.
     <stream>  the input stream (default, or NIL, is *standard-input*, T is
               *terminal-io*)
     <eofp>    When T,  signal an  error on end  of file,  when NIL  return
               <eof> (default is T)
     <eof>     the value to return on end of file (default is NIL)
     returns   the byte (integer) or <eof> at end of file

(write-byte <byte> [<stream>])                     WRITE A BYTE TO A STREAM
     <byte>    the byte to write (integer)
     <stream>  the output stream (default,  or NIL, is *standard-output*, T
               is *terminal-io*)
     returns   the byte (integer)

(file-length <stream>)                                   GET LENGTH OF FILE
     For an ascii file, the  length reported may be larger than  the number
     of characters read or written because of CR conversion.
     <stream>  the file stream (should be disk file)
     returns   length of file, or NIL if cannot be determined.

(file-position <stream> [<expr>])                  GET OR SET FILE POSITION
     For an ascii file, the file position may not be the same as the number
     of characters read  or written  because of CR  conversion. It will  be
     correct  when using  file-position to  position a  file at  a location
     earlier reported by file-position.
     <stream>  the file stream (should be a disk file)
     <expr>    desired  file position,  if  setting position.  Can also  be
               :start for start of file or :end for end of file.
     returns   if  setting position,  and  successful, then  T; if  getting
               position and successful then the position; otherwise NIL

(make-string-input-stream <str> [<start> [<end>]])
     <str>     the string
     <start>   the starting offset
     <end>     the ending offset + 1 or NIL for end of string
     returns   an unnamed stream that reads from the string

(make-string-output-stream)
     returns   an unnamed output stream

(get-output-stream-string <stream>)
     The output stream is emptied by this function
     <stream>  the output stream
     returns   the output so far as a string

(get-output-stream-list <stream>)
     The output stream is emptied by this function
     <stream>  the output stream
     returns   the output so far as a list

(with-input-from-string (<var> <str> &key :start :end :index) [<expr>...])
     Defined in common.lsp as a macro
     <var>     symbol  that   stream  is  bound  to   during  execution  of
               expressions (quoted)
     <str>     the string
     :start    starting offset into string (default 0)
     :end      ending offset + 1  (default, or NIL, is end of string)
     :index    setf  place form which  gets final  index into  string after
               last expression is executed (quoted)
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate (implicit progn)
     returns   the value of the last <expr>

(with-output-to-string (<var>) [<expr>...])
     Defined in common.lsp as a macro
     <var>     symbol  that   stream  is  bound  to   during  execution  of
               expressions (quoted)
     <expr>    expressions to evaluate (implicit progn)
     returns   contents of stream, as a string

(trace [<sym>...])                         ADD A FUNCTION TO THE TRACE LIST
     fsubr
     <sym>     the function(s) to add (quoted)
     returns   the trace list

(untrace [<sym>...])                  REMOVE A FUNCTION FROM THE TRACE LIST
     fsubr. If no functions given, all functions are removed from the trace
     list.
     <sym>     the function(s) to remove (quoted)
     returns   the trace list

(error <emsg> {<arg>})                       SIGNAL A NON-CORRECTABLE ERROR
     Note  that the definition  of this function has  changed from 2.1e and
     earlier so to match Common Lisp.
     <emsg>    the error message string, which is processed by FORMAT
     <arg>     optional argument{s} for FORMAT
     returns   never returns

(cerror <cmsg> <emsg> {<arg>})                   SIGNAL A CORRECTABLE ERROR
     Note that the definition  of this function  has changed from 2.1e  and
     earlier so to match Common Lisp.
     <cmsg>    the continue message string, which is processed by FORMAT
     <emsg>    the error message string, which is processed by FORMAT
     <arg>     optional argument(s) for both FORMATs (arguments are useable
               twice)
     returns   NIL when continued from the break loop

(break <bmsg> {<arg>})                                   ENTER A BREAK LOOP
     Note that the  definition of this function  has changed from 2.1e  and
     earlier so to match Common Lisp.
     <bmsg>    the break message string, which is processed by FORMAT
     <arg>     optional argument(s) for FORMAT
     returns   NIL when continued from the break loop

(clean-up)                                          CLEAN-UP AFTER AN ERROR
     returns   never returns

(top-level)             CLEAN-UP AFTER AN ERROR AND RETURN TO THE TOP LEVEL
     Runs  the function in  variable *top-level-loop*  (ususally TOP-LEVEL-
LOOP)
     returns   never returns

(continue)                                CONTINUE FROM A CORRECTABLE ERROR
     returns   never returns

(errset <expr> [<pflag>])                                       TRAP ERRORS
     fsubr
     <expr>    the expression to execute
     <pflag>   flag to control printing of the error message (default t)
     returns   the value of  the last expression consed with NIL  or NIL on
               error

(baktrace [<n>])                   PRINT N LEVELS OF TRACE BACK INFORMATION
     <n>       the number of levels (defaults to all levels)
     returns   NIL

(evalhook <expr> <ehook> <ahook> [<env>])               EVALUATE WITH HOOKS
     <expr>    the expression to evaluate.  <ehook> is not used at  the top
               level.
     <ehook>   the value for *evalhook*
     <ahook>   the value for *applyhook*
     <env>     the  environment (default  is NIL). The  format is  a dotted
               pair of value (car)  and function (cdr) binding lists.  Each
               binding  list is a list  of level binding  a-lists, with the
               innermost a-list  first. The level binding a-list associates
               the bound symbol with its value.
     returns   the result of evaluating the expression

(applyhook <fun> <arglist> <ehook> <ahook>)                APPLY WITH HOOKS
     <fun>     The function closure. <ahook> is not used  for this function
               application.
     <arglist> The list of arguments.
     <ehook>   the value for *evalhook*
     <ahook>   the value for *applyhook*
     returns   the result of applying <fun> to <arglist>

(debug)                                                 ENABLE DEBUG BREAKS
(nodebug)                                              DISABLE DEBUG BREAKS
     Defined in init.lsp

(load <fname> &key :verbose :print)                      LOAD A SOURCE FILE
     An  implicit ERRSET exists  in this function  so that  if error occurs
     during  loading, and *breakenable* is NIL, then the error message will
     be printed and  NIL will  be returned. The  OS environmental  variable
     XLPATH is  used as a  search path for  files in this  function. If the
     filename  does not contain path  separators ('/' for  UNIX, and either
     '/' or  '\' for MS-DOS) and  XLPATH is defined, then  each pathname in
     XLPATH is tried in turn until a matching file is found.  If no file is
     found,  then one last  attempt is made  in the current  directory. The
     pathnames are separated by either a space or semicolon, and a trailing
     path separator character is optional.
     <fname>   the filename string,  symbol, or a file stream  created with
               OPEN. The extension "lsp" is assumed.
     :verbose  the verbose flag (default is t)
     :print    the print flag (default is NIL)
     returns   t if successful, else NIL

(restore <fname>)                             RESTORE WORKSPACE FROM A FILE
     The OS  environmental variable XLPATH  is used  as a  search path  for
     files in this function. See the note under function "load", above. The
     standard  system streams  are  restored to  the  defaults as  of  when
     XLISP-PLUS  was started. Files streams  are restored in  the same mode
     they were created, if possible, and  are positioned where they were at
     the time of the  save. If the files  have been altered or moved  since
     the time  of the save, the restore  will not be completely successful.
     Memory  allocation will  not be  the same as  the current  settings of
     ALLOC are  used. Execution  proceeds at the  top-level read-eval-print
     loop. The  state of  the transcript  logging is  not affected  by this
     function.
     <fname>   the filename string,  symbol, or a file stream  created with
               OPEN. The extension "wks" is assumed.
     returns   NIL on failure, otherwise never returns

(save <fname>)                                     SAVE WORKSPACE TO A FILE
     You cannot save from within a load.  Not all of the state may be saved
     -- see "restore", above. By saving a workspace with the  name "xlisp",
     that  workspace   will  be   loaded  automatically  when   you  invoke
     XLISP-PLUS.
     <fname>   the filename string,  symbol, or a file stream  created with
               OPEN. The extension "wks" is assumed.
     returns   t if workspace was written, NIL otherwise

(savefun <fcn>)                                     SAVE FUNCTION TO A FILE
     defined in init.lsp
     <fcn>     function name (saves it to file of same name, with extension
               ".lsp")
     returns   t if successful

(dribble [<fname>])            CREATE A FILE WITH A TRANSCRIPT OF A SESSION
     <fname>   file name string, symbol, or file stream created with OPEN
               (if missing, close current transcript)
     returns   t if the transcript is opened, NIL if it is closed

(gc)                                               FORCE GARBAGE COLLECTION
     returns   NIL

(expand [<num>])                           EXPAND MEMORY BY ADDING SEGMENTS
     <num>     the number of segments to add, default 1
     returns   the number of segments added

(alloc <num> [<num2>])                                  CHANGE SEGMENT SIZE
     <num>     the number of nodes to allocate
     <num2>    the  number  of pointer  elements  to allocate  in  an array
               segment (when dynamic array allocation compiled). Default is
               no change.
     returns   the old number of nodes to allocate

(room)                                    SHOW MEMORY ALLOCATION STATISTICS
     Statistics (which are sent to *STANDARD-OUTPUT*) include:
               Nodes - number of nodes, free and used
               Free nodes - number of free nodes
               Segments - number of node segments, including those reserved
                         for characters and small integers.
               Allocate  -  number of  nodes to  allocate  in any  new node
                         segments
               Total  - total  memory  bytes allocated  for node  segments,
                         arrays, and strings
               Collections - number of garbage collections
               Time  -  time  spent  performing   garbage  collections  (in
               seconds)
     When dynamic  array allocation  is compiled, the  following additional
     statistics are printed:
               Vector  nodes  - number  of  pointers  in arrays  and  (size
                         equivalent) strings
               Vector free - free  space in vector area (may  be fragmented
                         across segments)
               Vector  segs  - number  of  vector  segments. Increases  and
                         decreases as needed.
               Vec allocate - number of pointer elements to allocate in any
                         new vector segment
     returns   NIL

(time <expr>)                                        MEASURE EXECUTION TIME
     fsubr.
     <expr>    the expression to evaluate
     returns   the result of  the expression. The execution time is printed
               to *TRACE-OUTPUT*

(get-internal-real-time)                             GET ELAPSED CLOCK TIME
(get-internal-run-time)                          GET ELAPSED EXECUTION TIME
     returns   integer      time      in       system      units       (see
               internal-time-units-per-second  on  page  23).   meaning  of
               absolute values is system dependent.

(coerce <expr> <type>)                  FORCE EXPRESSION TO DESIGNATED TYPE
     Sequences  can  be  coerced  into other  sequences,  single  character
     strings or  symbols with  single character  printnames can  be coerced
     into characters, fixnums  can be coerced  into characters or  flonums.
     Ratios can be coerced into flonums. Flonums and  ratios can be coerced
     into complex (so can fixnums, but they turn back into fixnums).
     <expr>    the expression to coerce
     <type>    desired type, as returned by type-of (see page 86)
     returns   <expr> if type is correct, or converted object.

(type-of <expr>)                         RETURNS THE TYPE OF THE EXPRESSION
     It is recommended that typep  be used instead, as it is  more general.
     In the original XLISP, the value NIL was returned for NIL.
     <expr>    the expression to return the type of
     returns   One of the symbols:
               LIST                for NIL (lists, conses return CONS)
               SYMBOL              for symbols
               OBJECT              for objects
               CONS                for conses
               SUBR                for built-in functions
               FSUBR               for special forms
               CLOSURE             for defined functions
               STRING              for strings
               FIXNUM              for integers
               RATIO               for ratios
               FLONUM              for floating point numbers
               COMPLEX             for complex numbers
               CHARACTER           for characters
               FILE-STREAM         for file pointers
               UNNAMED-STREAM      for unnamed streams
               ARRAY               for arrays
               HASH-TABLE          for hash tables
               sym                 for structures of type "sym"

(peek <addrs>)                                 PEEK AT A LOCATION IN MEMORY
     <addrs>   the address to peek at (integer)
     returns   the value at the specified address (integer)

(poke <addrs> <value>)                             POKE A VALUE INTO MEMORY
     <addrs>   the address to poke (integer)
     <value>   the value to poke into the address (integer)
     returns   the value

(address-of <expr>)                        GET THE ADDRESS OF AN XLISP NODE
     <expr>    the node
     returns   the address of the node (integer)

(get-key)                                     READ A KEYSTROKE FROM CONSOLE
     OS dependent.
     returns   integer value of key (no echo)

(system <command>)                                 EXECUTE A SYSTEM COMMAND
     OS dependent -- not always available.
     <command> Command string, if 0 length then spawn OS shell
     returns   T if successful (note that MS/DOS command.com always returns
               success)

(set-stack-mark <size>)                      SET SYSTEM STACK WARNING POINT
     OS  dependent --  not  always available.  The  system will  perform  a
     continuable  error when the  amount of  remaining system  stack passes
     below this setting. The trap is reset  at the top-level. This function
     is useful for debugging runaway recursive functions.
     <size>    Remaining stack,  in bytes.  Minimum value  is fixed  at the
               value that causes the system stack overflow error, while the
               maximum value is limitied to somewhat less than  the current
               remaining stack space. Use "0" to turn the warnings off.
     returns   the previous value.

(top-level-loop)                                     DEFAULT TOP LEVEL LOOP
     Runs  the XLISP  top  level read-eval-print  loop, described  earlier.
     Never returns.

(reset-system)                                          FLUSH INPUT BUFFERS
     Used by user-implemented top level loops to flush the input buffer
     returns   NIL

(exit)                                                           EXIT XLISP
     returns   never returns

(generic <expr>)              CREATE A GENERIC TYPED COPY OF THE EXPRESSION
     Note: added function, Tom Almy's creation for debugging xlisp.
     <expr>    the expression to copy
     returns   NIL if  value is NIL  and NILSYMBOL  compilation option  not
               declared, otherwise if type is:
               SYMBOL              copy as an ARRAY
               OBJECT              copy as an ARRAY
               CONS                (CONS (CAR <expr>)(CDR <expr>))
               CLOSURE             copy as an ARRAY
               STRING              copy of the string
               FIXNUM              value
               FLONUM              value
               RATIO               value
               CHARACTER           value
               UNNAMED-STREAM      copy as a CONS
               ARRAY               copy of the array
               COMPLEX             copy as an ARRAY
               HASH-TABLE          copy as an ARRAY
               structure           copy as an ARRAY

(eval-when <condition> <body> ...)
     Macro  defined in common.lsp, and provided to assist in porting Common
     Lisp applications to XLISP-PLUS.
     <condition>         List of conditions
     <body>    expressions which are evaluated if  one of the conditions is
               EXECUTE or LOAD.
     returns   result of last body expression

(cls)                                                         CLEAR DISPLAY
     Clear the display and position cursor at upper left corner.
     returns   nil

(cleol)                                                CLEAR TO END OF LINE
     Clears current line to end.
     returns   nil

(goto-xy [<column> <row>])                       GET OR SET CURSOR POSITION
     Cursor   is  repositioned   if  optional   arguments   are  specified.
     Coordinates are clipped to actual size of display.
     <column>  0-based column (x coordinate)
     <row>     0-based row (y coordinate)
     returns   list of original column and row positions

(color <value>)                                           SET DRAWING COLOR
     <value>   Drawing color (not checked for validity)
     returns   <value>

(move <x1> <y1> [<x2> <y2> ...])                              ABSOLUTE MOVE
(moverel <x1> <y2> [<x2> <y2> ...])                           RELATIVE MOVE
     For moverel, all coordinates are relative to the preceeding point.
     <x1> <y1> Moves to point x1,y1 in anticipation of draw.
     <x2> <y2> Draws to points specified in additional arguments.
     returns   T if succeeds, else NIL

(draw [<x1> <y1> ...])                                        ABSOLUTE DRAW
(drawrel [<x1> <y1> ...])                                     RELATIVE DRAW
     For drawrel, all coordinates are relative to the preceeding point.
     <x1> <y1> Point(s) drawn to, in order.
     returns   T if succeeds, else NIL

(mode <ax> [<bx> <width> <height>)                         SET DISPLAY MODE
     Standard modes require only <ax> argument. Extended modes are  "Super-
     VGA"  or  "Super-EGA" and  are display  card  specific. Not  all XLISP
     versions support all modes.
     <ax>      Graphic mode (value passed in register AX)
               Common standard Modes:
               0,1 - 40x25 text
               2,3 - 80x25 text
               4,5 - 320x200 4 color graphics (CGA)
               6 - 640x200 monchrome graphics (CGA)
               13 - 320x200 16 color graphics (EGA)
               14 - 640x200 16 color graphics (EGA)
               16 - 640x350 16 color graphics (EGA)
               18 - 640x480 16 color graphics (VGA)
               19 - 320x200 256 color graphics (VGA)
     <bx>      BX value for some extended graphic modes
     <width>   width for extended graphic modes
     <height>  height for extended graphic modes
     returns   a list of the number of columns, number of lines (1 for CGA),
               maximum  X  graphic coordinate (-1 for text modes),  and  the
               maximum  Y graphic coordinate (-1 for text modes), or NIL  if
           fails